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Self-Assessment Questions

1. **Wild ales refer to mixed fermentation beers that are fermented with microorganisms other than brewing yeast. If you were to brew a wild ale, which microorganisms would you consider using and why?

2. **Answer BOTH parts of this question:

a) Give examples of Gram-positive beer spoiler bacteria and describe their impacts on beer quality.

b) Explain the systems they have developed to grow in hopped wort.

3. **Answer BOTH parts of this question:

a) Explain why Obesumbacterium proteus (Hafnia protea) is able to survive and eventually proliferate in traditional English ales.

b) Why is their presence a concern as a contaminant in brewing?

4. **Critically discuss the following statement: ‘Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are no longer a major spoilage concern to brewers; a new risk is from Pectinatus and Megasphaera’.

5. **Discuss the classification and effects of yeasts that are described as wild yeast contaminants in a lager fermentation.

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